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Scoria is a type of rock that forms most directly from the process of*
Obsidian’s glassy texture indicates that it formed*
Most of the sediment that is compacted and later forms shale bedrock is*
Base your answers to questions 4 on the block diagram below, which shows bedrock units A through F and boundary XX⬘.
The rock that formed in the contact metamorphic zone between rock unit E and rock unit D is*
Base your answers to questions 5 on the diagram below, which represents a rock composed of cemented pebbles and sand.
This rock should be classified as*
Base your answers to questions 6 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The graph shows the temperature, pressure, and depth environments for the formation of the three major rock types. Pressure is shown in kilobars (kb). Letters A through D identify different environmental conditions for rock formation.
Which rock is most likely to form directly from rock material at a depth of 30 km and a temperature of 1000°C?*
Which types of surface bedrock are most likely found near Jamestown, New York?*
The photograph below shows a large outcrop of rock composed primarily of visible crystals of mica, quartz, and feldspar.
Based on the composition and foliated texture, this rock can best be identified as*
Base your answers to questions 9 on the three bedrock outcrops below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The outcrops, labeled I, II, and III, are located within 15 kilometers of each other. Lines AB and CD represent unconformities. Line XY represents a fault. No overturning of the layers has occurred.
Which processes produced the brown siltstone layer in outcrops I and II?*
Base your answers to questions 10 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
Carrara Marble
Carrara marble is named for the town of Carrara on the west coast of Italy. This dazzling white marble has been mined since the time of the ancient Romans and remains the major industry of the area today. The marble has many commercial uses, such as tombstones, countertops, tiles, and building stones. Its chemical purity, uniform color, and hardness make this marble an ideal material for artists who carve statues from rock. Major museums around the world have statues carved from Carrara marble.
The formation of Carrara marble began 200 million years ago when a great thickness of tiny shells was deposited at the bottom of a warm, shallow sea. Over time, burial and compaction of these sediments formed sedimentary rock primarily composed of pure calcite. Approximately 27 million years ago, tectonic forces caused this area of the seafloor bedrock to be deformed and metamorphosed, forming the Carrara marble. Uplift and erosion later exposed huge formations of this famous marble.
Identify the most likely sedimentary rock that formed when the sediments of tiny shells were buried and compacted. [1]*
Base your answers to questions 11 on the diagram below, which shows several different landscape features. Points X and Y indicate locations on the streambank.
The beach consists of particles with diameters from 0.01 cm to 0.1 cm. Identify the sedimentary rock that will form when burial and cementation of these sediments occur. [1]*
Base your answers to questions 12 on the information below.
A student on a field trip in New York State collected a sample of metamorphic bedrock containing bands of coarse-grained crystals of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, quartz, and mica.
Identify the metamorphic rock found by the student. [1]*
The graph below shows the depth and temperature conditions in Earth’s interior under which carbon becomes either the mineral graphite or the mineral diamond.
Compared to the depth and temperature conditions under which graphite forms, describe the difference in the relative depth and relative temperature conditions under which most diamonds form. [1]
Relative depth:
Relative temperature:*
Base your answers to questions 14 on the diagram of Bowen’s Reaction Series below, which shows the sequence in which minerals crystallize as magma cools and forms different types of igneous rocks from the same magma. The arrow for each mineral represents the relative temperature range at which that mineral crystallizes.
Identify one similarity and one difference between the igneous rocks andesite and diorite. [1]
Similarity:
Difference:*
Base your answers to questions 15 on the geologic cross section of Earth’s crust in image provided and on your knowledge of Earth science. Letters A through F identify rock units. Letter X identifies a fault. Wavy line YZ represents an unconformity. The locations of contact metamorphism and the map symbols for sedimentary rock layers B and E have been omitted.
Layer B is composed of clay-sized particles and layer E is composed of halite crystals. On the cross section in the image provided, fill in layer B and layer E on both sides of the fault with the correct sedimentary rock map symbols. [1]
*
